One of the essential pathological signatures of Alzheimer’s disease is deposition in the brain of an abnormal protein, called Aβ-amyloid (Aβ). About three decades before the onset of dementia symptoms, the deposition starts silently, without any sign of cognitive abnormalities. It is estimated that about 20-40 % of the general elderly population have a significant Aβ burden in their brain. While the Aβ deposition does not necessarily mean a fast progression to Alzheimer’s dementia, these individuals are considered to be “at risk” of developing Alzheimer’s disease at some future point. The new blood test can identify individuals with abnormal Aβ deposition in the brain,with about 90% accuracy.
“Currently, only positron emission tomography (PET) imaging or cerebrospinal fluid testing are available to ascertain brain Aβ burden, however, these tests are expensive and/or invasive” says Akinori Nakamura, Laboratory Chief at NCGG., “Therefore, a minimally invasive and cost-effective blood test is strongly desired; however, it has proven to be very difficult to develop despite much research effort. Our study is important because it not only demonstrates the high performance of this blood test, but also its reliability and reproducibility as it was successfully validated in two independent large datasets from different countries, Japan (121 samples) and Australia (252 samples).”
One key point for their success is that the test employed a new method called immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP-MS). “From only 0.5ml of a blood sample, the IP-MS method can quantitatively measure several Aβ-related peptides, such as Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, and APP669-711, in plasma, even though their concentration in plasma is extremely low. We found that the ratio of these peptides, APP669-711/Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42, were an accurate surrogate for the brain Aβ burden. This technique was established by our colleague Naoki Kaneko, who also first found APP669-711 in plasma,” says Koichi Tanaka at Shimadzu Corporation, who won the Nobel chemistry prize in 2002 for developing a method for mass spectrometric analyses.
“Scientists at Shimadzu Corporation will need to scale up the test so that it can be widely used, but once this issue is resolved, this new test has the potential to eventually disrupt the current PET/CSF technologies. In the first instance, however, it is likely to be used for screening.” says Colin L. Masters, Professor at the Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, who led the AIBL project.
“Our blood test may also have a transformative potential to facilitate the development of effective drugs for Alzheimer’s disease,” says Katsuhiko Yanagisawa, Director-general of Research Institute at NCGG. He continues, “Although drugs for Alzheimer’s disease are still under development, the best chance for the efficacious interventions are considered to be before the onset of the dementia symptoms. Our blood test is expected to enable population-based screening to identify “at risk” individuals to be recruited in preclinical and prodromal prevention trials with reasonable cost-benefit and scalability.”
Nature, A. Nakamura, N. Kaneko et. al., High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers
for Alzheimer’s disease. doi:10.1038/nature25456
http://www.nature.com/nature